Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious viral illness that mainly affects infants and young children. While adults can also contract the disease, it is more common in children under the age of five. The disease spreads rapidly in daycare centers, preschools, and crowded environments. Though HFMD is usually mild and self-limiting, it can cause discomfort and, in rare cases, lead to complications.
This article explores the causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment options for HFMD.
What Causes Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease?
HFMD is caused by a group of viruses known as enteroviruses, with the most common being Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71. The virus spreads easily from person to person through:
- Direct contact with infected individuals’ saliva, mucus, or fluid from blisters
- Touching contaminated objects such as toys, door handles, or shared utensils
- Respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes
- Fecal matter contamination, especially in daycare centers where hygiene might not always be optimal
Once a person is exposed to the virus, symptoms typically appear within three to six days.
Learn More: Health calls for calm amid hand, foot and mouth disease outbreak
Symptoms of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
The symptoms of HFMD vary but usually include:
1. Fever
A mild to moderate fever (38-39°C) is usually the first symptom of HFMD.
2. Painful Mouth Sores
Small red spots appear in the mouth, which develop into painful ulcers on the tongue, gums, and inside the cheeks. These can make eating and drinking difficult.
3. Skin Rash and Blisters
A red rash with small, fluid-filled blisters appears on the hands, feet, and sometimes the buttocks, legs, or arms. The rash is usually not itchy but can be painful.
4. Sore Throat and Fatigue
Children with HFMD may experience sore throats, irritability, and loss of appetite.
5. Dehydration Risk
Due to mouth sores and pain, some children refuse to eat or drink, leading to dehydration, which is a serious concern.
How to Prevent Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
Since HFMD spreads quickly in schools and daycare centers, hygiene and preventive measures are crucial in stopping the infection.
1. Wash Hands Regularly
- Teach children to wash their hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds
- Wash hands before meals, after using the toilet, and after sneezing or coughing
2. Avoid Close Contact
- Avoid hugging, kissing, or sharing utensils, towels, and toys with infected individuals
- If your child has HFMD, keep them home from school or daycare until they recover
3. Disinfect Surfaces
- Clean and disinfect toys, doorknobs, and common surfaces frequently
- Use household disinfectants or a mixture of bleach and water to kill viruses
4. Cover Coughs and Sneezes
- Teach children to cover their mouths with a tissue or elbow when sneezing or coughing
- Dispose of tissues properly and wash hands immediately
5. Hydration and Proper Nutrition
- Encourage children to drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration
- Offer soft, cool foods if they have mouth sores to ease discomfort
Treatment for Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
There is no specific cure for HFMD, as it is a viral infection. However, symptoms can be managed at home to ensure a smooth recovery.
1. Pain and Fever Relief
- Give paracetamol (Panado) or ibuprofen to reduce fever and pain
- Avoid aspirin in children, as it can cause serious complications
2. Soothing Mouth Pain
- Offer cold liquids, ice pops, and soft foods to ease mouth sores
- Avoid spicy, salty, or acidic foods that may irritate ulcers
3. Skin Care for Rashes
- Apply calamine lotion or mild creams to ease skin discomfort
- Keep blisters clean and dry to prevent infection
4. Encourage Rest and Hydration
- Ensure the child gets enough rest and drinks plenty of fluids
- Watch for dehydration signs, such as dry mouth, dark urine, or reduced urination
When to See a Doctor
Most cases of HFMD resolve within seven to ten days, but medical attention is needed if:
- The fever lasts more than three days
- The child shows signs of dehydration (dry lips, no tears, sunken eyes)
- There is difficulty breathing, confusion, or severe weakness
- The rash becomes infected or worsens significantly
In rare cases, HFMD can lead to serious complications like viral meningitis or encephalitis, so seek medical care immediately if symptoms worsen.
Learn More: KwaZulu-Natal Government Urges Caution as Foot and Mouth Disease Cases Rise
HFMD in South Africa: Seasonal Outbreaks
In South Africa, HFMD outbreaks typically occur during the summer and autumn months (December to May). Schools and daycare centers often report small outbreaks, making early detection and prevention crucial.
Government health officials urge parents and caregivers to be vigilant and take immediate action if their child shows symptoms.
For urgent health concerns, contact the National Helpline: 0800 012 3222.
Final Thoughts
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease is a common but manageable childhood illness. While it can be uncomfortable, good hygiene, isolation, and symptom management can help prevent its spread and speed up recovery.
Stay informed, practice good hygiene, and seek medical help if necessary.
For more information, contact the National Helpline: 0800 012 3222.
